What is Acid Reflux?

Acid reflux happens when stomach acid moves up into the oesophagus, the tube connecting your mouth to your stomach. This can cause discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen and a burning sensation in the chest, commonly known as heartburn. When acid reflux becomes frequent, it’s referred to as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Indigestion and heartburn can occur together or separately.

The main symptoms of acid reflux include:

• Heartburn (a burning feeling in the chest)
• A sour taste in the mouth
• A recurring cough or hiccups
• A hoarse voice
• Bad breath
• Bloating or nausea

These symptoms can last from a few minutes to several hours and are often worse after eating or when lying down or bending over, as these positions make it easier for stomach acid to reach the throat.

While these symptoms are usually not serious, if you experience them for four weeks or more despite using self-help measures or medication, you should consult your GP for further advice

What are the causes?

Indigestion, heartburn, and acid reflux can be triggered or worsened by several factors, including:

• Certain foods and drinks, such as coffee, tomatoes, alcohol, chocolate, and fatty or spicy foods
• Being overweight
• Smoking
• Pregnancy
• Stress and anxiety
• Some medications, including anti-inflammatory pain relievers like ibuprofen
• A hiatus hernia, where part of the stomach moves up into the chest
• Increased levels of certain hormones, like progesterone and oestrogen, which can exacerbate heartburn

In some cases, indigestion may be caused by a stomach ulcer or underlying gastrointestinal conditions, such as:

• Peptic ulcers
• Stomach cancer
• Gastritis
• Bacterial infections like Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

It’s important to note that indigestion isn’t always due to a serious condition. These underlying issues typically present with additional symptoms. If you’re uncertain about your symptoms or they persist for four weeks or more, consult your GP to rule out any serious causes and discuss treatment options.